Predynastic Egypt Timeline and Definition

The Predynastic period in Egypt is the name archaeologists have given to the 1,500 years before the emergence of the first unified Egyptian state society. By about 4500 BCE, the Nile region was occupied by cattle pastoralists; by about 3700 BCE, the predynastic period was marked by the transition from pastoralism to a more sedentary life based on crop production. Emigrant farmers from south Asia brought sheep, goats, pigs, wheat, and barley. Together they domesticated the donkey and developed simple farming communities. More importantly, within about 600–700 years, Dynastic Egypt was founded. Fast Facts: Predynastic of Egypt Predynastic Egypt lasted between about 4425–3200 BCE.By 3700 BCE, the Nile was occupied by farmers who grew West Asia crops and animals.  Recent research has identified predynastic advances thought to have been developed at later periods.  Ã‚  Those include cat domestication, beer production, tattoos, and treatment of the dead.   Chronology of the Predynastic Recent reworking of the chronology combining archaeological and radiocarbon dating by British archaeologist Michael Dee and colleagues has shortened the length of the Predynastic. Dates on the table represent their results at 95% probability. Early Predynastic (Badarian) (ca 4426–3616 BCE)Middle Predynastic (Naqada IB and IC or Amratian) (ca 3731–3350 BCE)Late Predynastic (Naqada IIB/IIC or Gerzean) (ca 3562–3367 BCE)Terminal Predynastic (Naqada IID/IIIA or Proto-Dynastic) (ca 3377–3328 BCE)First Dynasty (rule of Aha) begins ca. 3218 BCE. Scholars typically divide the predynastic period, as with most of Egyptian history, into upper (southern) and lower (northern, near the Delta region) Egypt. Lower Egypt (Maadi culture) appears to have developed farming communities first, with the spread of farming from Lower Egypt (north) to Upper Egypt (south). Thus, the Badarian communities predate the Nagada in Upper Egypt. Current evidence as to the origin of the rise of the Egyptian state is under debate, but some evidence points to Upper Egypt, specifically Nagada, as the focus of the original complexity. Some of the evidence for the complexity of the Maadi may be hidden beneath the Nile deltas alluvium. Historical map of Ancient Egypt with most important sights, with rivers and lakes. Illustration with English labeling and scaling. PeterHermesFurian / iStock / Getty Images The Rise of the Egyptian State That development of complexity within the predynastic period led to the emergence of the Egyptian state is inarguable. But, the impetus for that development has been the focus of much debate among scholars. There appears to have been active trade relationships with Mesopotamia, Syro-Palestine (Canaan), and Nubia, and evidence in the form of shared architectural forms, artistic motifs, and imported pottery attests to these connections. Whatever specifics were in play, American archaeologist Stephen Savage summarizes it as a gradual, indigenous process, stimulated by intraregional and interregional conflict, shifting political and economic strategies, political alliances and competition over trade routes. (2001:134). The end of the predynastic (ca 3200 BCE) is marked by the first unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, called Dynasty 1. Although the precise way in which a centralized state emerged in Egypt is still under debate; some historical evidence is recorded in glowing political terms on the Narmer Palette. Advances of the Predynastic Period Archaeological investigations continue into several predynastic sites, revealing early evidence for characteristics once thought to have been developed in dynastic periods. Six cats—an adult male and female and four kittens—were found together in a pit from Naqada IC-IIB   levels at Hierakonpolis. The kittens were from two different litters and one litter was from a different mother than the adult female, and investigators suggest the cats had been taken care of and thus may represent domesticated cats. Five large ceramic vats were found in a room at the city, with contents suggesting the residents were making beer from emmer wheat and barley, between 3762 and 3537 cal BCE. At the site of Gebelein, the bodies of two naturally-desiccated people who died during the Predynastic period have been found to have been tattooed. A man had two horned animals tattooed on his upper right arm. A woman had a series of S-shaped motifs on the top of her right shoulder and a curved line on her upper right arm. Chemical analysis of funerary textile wrappings dated to the pit graves from the site of Mostagedda in Upper Egypt shows that pine resin and animal fat or plant oil was used to treat the bodies as early as between 4316 and 2933 cal BCE.   Animal burials at predynastic sites are not uncommon, typically including sheep, goat, cattle, and dog buried with or alongside humans. In an elite cemetery in Hierankopolis have been found burials of baboon, jungle cat, wild donkey, leopard, and elephants.   Archaeology and the Predynastic Investigations into the Predynastic had their start in the 19th century by British archaeologist William Flinders-Petrie. The most recent studies have revealed the extensive regional diversity, not just between Upper and Lower Egypt, but within Upper Egypt. Three principal regions are identified in Upper Egypt, centered on Hierakonpolis, Nagada (also spelled Naqada) and Abydos. Predynastic Capitals Adaà ¯ma  Hierakonpolis  Abydos  Naga ed-DerGebel Manzal el-Seyl Selected Sources Attia, Elshafaey A. E., et al. Archaeobotanical Studies from Hierakonpolis: Evidence for Food Processing During the Predynastic Period in Egypt. Plants and People in the African Past: Progress in African Archaeobotany. Eds. Mercuri, Anna Maria, et al. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. 76–89. Print.Dee, Michael, et al. An Absolute Chronology for Early Egypt Using Radiocarbon Dating and Bayesian Statistical Modelling. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 469.2159 (2013): 395.Friedman, Renà ©e, et al. Natural Mummies from Predynastic Egypt Reveal the Worlds Earliest Figural Tattoos. Journal of Archaeological Science 92 (2018): 116–25. Print.Jones, Jana, et al. Evidence for Prehistoric Origins of Egyptian Mummification in Late Neolithic Burials. PLoS ONE 9.8 (2014): e103608. Print.Marinova, Elena, et al. Animal Dung from Arid Environments and Archaeobotanical Methodologies for Its Analysis: An Example from Animal Burials of the Predynastic Elite Cemetery Hk6 at Hierakonpolis, Egypt. Environmental Archaeology 18.1 (2013): 58–71. Print.Savage, Stephen H. 2001 Some Recent Trends in the Archaeology of Predynastic Egypt. Journal of Archaeological Research 9(2):101–155.Van Neer, Wim, et al. More Evidence for Cat Taming at the Predynastic Elite Cemetery of Hierakonpolis (Upper Egypt). Journal of Archaeological Science 45 (2014): 103–11. Print.

What Was the Qing Dynasty

Qing means bright or clear in Chinese, but the Qing Dynasty was the final dynasty of the Chinese Empire, ruling from 1644 to 1912 and made up of ethnic Manchus of the Aisin Gioro clan from the northern Chinese region of  Manchuria. Although these clans took control of the empire in the 17th century, by the early 20th century, the Qing rulers were being undermined by aggressive foreign powers, rural unrest, and military weakness. The Qing Dynasty was anything but bright — it did not pacify all of China until 1683, some nineteen years after they officially took power in Beijing and the Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, abdicated in February of 1912. Brief History The Qing dynasty was central to East  and  Southeast Asian history and leadership during its reign, which started when Manchus clans defeated the last of the Ming rulers and claimed control of imperial China. Extended Chinas vast history of imperial reign, the Qing military dominated East Asia after it finally managed to unify the entire country under Qing rule in 1683.   During much of this time, China was a superpower in the region, with Korea, Vietnam, and Japan trying in vain to establish power at the start of Qing rule. However, with the invasion of England and France in the early 1800s, the Qing dynasty had to begin reinforcing its borders and defending its power from more sides. The Opium Wars  of 1839 to 1842 and 1856 to 1860 also devastated much of Qing Chinas military might. The first saw the Qing lose over 18,000 soldiers and yield five ports to British use while the second awarded extraterritorial rights to France and Britain and resulted in up to 30,000 Qing casualties. No longer alone in the East, the Qing Dynasty and imperial control in China was heading for the end. Fall of an Empire By 1900, Britain, France, Russia, Germany, and Japan had begun to attack the dynasty as well, establishing influence along its coast to assume control over trade and military advantages. Foreign powers began taking over much of Qings outer regions and the Qing had to try desperately to maintain its power. To make matters slightly easier for the emperor, a group of Chinese peasants held the Boxer Rebellion against foreign powers in 1900 — which initially opposed the ruling family as well as European threats, but had to unite in order to eventually throw out the foreign attackers and take back Qing territory.   During the years of 1911 to 1912, the royal family made a desperate cling for power, appointing a 6-year-old as the last Emperor of Chinas thousand-year imperial rule. When the Qing Dynasty fell  in 1912, it marked the end of this history and the beginning of republic and socialist rule.

Language Acquisition Is The Goal Of Both European And...

Language acquisition is the goal of both European and American educational systems. There are differences in approach between the two systems that create a discrepancy in the effectiveness of the education. The American system bases the need for dual language learning on need of students to learn English and the advantages of a second language for well-off students and usually ends by late elementary school. European schools base their entire school system on dual language for all students from primary through secondary school. With the stated goal being bilingual, the European educational system is superior to the American system. American Educational System The American educational system is established through the Department of Education and centered in Washington DC for all fifty states. The funding and testing requirements are not reflective of local communities and based on national standards and programs implemented at the local level. The historical goal of education in the United States has been to educate to a common goal of proficiency in reading, writing, and arithmetic based on the English language. All students are expected to learn English, and the Department of Education has established programs to enable the teaching of English to students who do not have English as their native language. Current regulations provide for bi-lingual education to address the needs of students needing to learn English to complete their education in the AmericanShow MoreRelatedThe International Level Through Foreign Language Acquisition And Increased Global Cultural Knowledge1634 Words   |  7 Pagescollaborate at the international level through foreign language acquisition and increased global cultural knowledge. New generations bring new ideas, goals and standards, thus the rational ignorance of American citizens will further prevent the United States from developing at its highest level. 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leadership - 789 Words

Healthcare in the United States is constantly changing and becoming increasing more complex. An essential portion of the recent Institute of Medicine report, The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health, focuses on the significance of nurses as leaders in healthcare (2010). The terms â€Å"leader† and â€Å"manager† are sometimes used interchangeably. Those of us who have worked for, or with, someone who is one and not the other will see the error in viewing those terms as synonymous. An individual can be a great leader but not a manager. Conversely, a typical nurse can be a manager but not possess many nursing leadership skills. According to Huber (2010) leadership is defined as â€Å"the process of influencing people to accomplish goals†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦I realize the importance of motivating my staff to deliver their best and I’m tactful and diplomatic when dealing with potential problems; I believe a lot more can be achieved through communication than through conflict. I am nevertheless very results-driven and expect every member of my team to pull their weight and help us to achieve our common goals. The leadership style I aspire to be in the future is a transformational leader. Transformational leadership is especially well-suited to today’s fast-changing health care environment where adaptation is extremely important. This leadership style allows for instilling faith and respect, treating of employees as individuals, innovation in problem solving, transmission of values and ethical principles, and provision of challenging goals while communicating a vision for the future (Joel, 2013). 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Continuing to Care for People with Dementia free essay sample

3. Evaluation – I learnt from the experience that I had no need to be anxious because the relatives knew much less than I did. I learnt that relatives valued the opportunity to discuss how they felt with others in the same situation. There was nothing particularly bad about the experience but the attendance was lower than expected. The experience ended with a commitment to hold another dementia forum in about 5 weeks’ time.4. Analysis – I should know by now not to be anxious of new experiences because they are never as bad as I imagine beforehand. It was very useful having experts by experience present for the sessions because they spoke openly about having a family member living with dementia and this was far more useful than talking about what dementia is or isn’t. We discussed at the time the low attendance figure and wondered how to improve this. Frequent and prolonged advertising on reception and in the newsletter seems to have minimal impact and I must look for additional ways of advertising such a beneficial forum. We will write a custom essay sample on Continuing to Care for People with Dementia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Those present at the forum were committed to attending again and there was some positivity that attendance figures would gradually improve. This was after all only the second dementia forum to be held at The Care Home.5. Conclusion – The dementia forums are a useful support for families of those living with dementia and will continue at The Care Home. Family members had the opportunity to have a greater awareness of what their loves one are experiencing. This was a positive experience and I am actually looking forward to the next forum. 6. Action Plan – We will use word of mouth and social media to promote the next dementia forum and I will now discuss these forums when promoting the home. We will ensure that the dates are advertised in the monthly newsletter and also send information to the families of those living with dementia along with the monthly invoices. I may consider setting up and email mailing list to assist with marketing opportunities like these

The Coming of the Impossible free essay sample

A delicate construction of shimmering metal stands at rest, not yet set in motion. A small shining lever is touched, and it begins: Click, Bang, Whoosh, Click, Bang, Whoosh, Click, Bang, Whoosh†¦ As a child, I was fascinated by the idea of a perpetual motion machine—something that never stopped, never required further input: magic. My parents had thrown a physics book in with the Doctor Seusses, and I sat, reading and re-reading invention plans of scientists who hoped that finally, theirs was a perpetual motion machine. And for years, I would lie in bed and imagine a million combinations of wire and innovation until I had found something, the very something physicists dreamed of, that thermodynamics proved impossible. To anyone as young as I was then, life is everlasting, death a lie. The heart pounded on, never stopping, and though it required nourishment, blood, oxygen, it was still closer than anyone else had come to the correct formula. We will write a custom essay sample on The Coming of the Impossible or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As I got older, shifting to biology rather than physics, I was told of the heart’s dread diseases— tricuspid atresia, super ventricular tachycardia—long dancing words to describe horrible tortures. Still though, death seemed far from me, and I did not truly believe a heart would simply stop, not until last December. I awoke on the twenty-sixth to the sweet, glimmering aftertaste of Christmas and a phone, filled like a stocking, with text messages. As I scrolled through them, my happiness ebbed, confusion reigned; the last message faded in and out of focus like the snowy sky as I tried to comprehend. I heard about Eliza; I’m so sorry. I’ll be praying for you. A million fragmented pieces of worry rushed against my skull, bruising my thoughts, culminating in a slow, unwilling press of the ‘call’ button. Ring—the noise was slow, brooding, sinister. The next ring cut off, giving way to a voice. â€Å"Are you okay?† Alan whispe red solemnly, as though speaking over someone’s deathbed, â€Å"Did you get—† â€Å"Your text?† I cut him off abruptly, not hearing my rudeness over the raging desire for understanding. â€Å"What did you hear about Eliza?† There was a slow, horrified intake of breath, and I had the sense that he was trying to breathe in all of the world’s compassion before he tried to tell me. She had died, he said, in the waning hours of Christmas day—her heart had stopped. In the ensuing silence, I felt†¦nothing. No sadness, just horrible vast emptiness, as if my own heart had been severed from the rest of me; I watched from the outside as my family’s despair fell like rain across the house, all of the emotions I should have felt but couldn’t. I couldn’t quite believe it: surely she still had to be alive somewhere, waiting for her transplant. For months, I stumbled through a deadened haze, unable to focus on anything but t he lovely blond girl dancing behind my eyelids, whom I would never see again. â€Å"You know,† her mother said one day over lunch, as the two of us swirled forks across our plates, unwilling to eat with Eliza’s empty chair, â€Å"only ten doctors in the world could have performed her heart-lung transplant?† I stared in disbelief: there was enough space in any of my classrooms to fit all of the cardiovascular transplant surgeons three times over, while the waiting list of transplant hopefuls could have filled half my town. It seemed so unbalanced, so wrong. But there, there was I, a young girl, ready to be molded into a yet unnamed career, and it had named itself—the confluence of my best friend’s inspiration and my childhood dreams. Were there only ten? Well, I would make eleven. Though the heart itself is only a muscle, fallible and often flawed, there is the emotional heart, the idealistic heart, the essence of humanity that will not be destroyed ; as long as there is life, it will go on. Protected in transplant, a heart is placed slowly into a new chest, its beating renewed. And there, inside that person, a miracle is created—the person to whom the heart belonged is still alive in part, immortalized in the salvation of its recipient. The recipient refuses to fall from the minds of doctors and nurses; they are a success, a life protected, an inspiration. As a patient’s life propels itself forward with each strong beat of a new heart, they themselves climb to immortality, reaching out to their children and friends and families with the strength of love, love which invariably moves on to the children’s children, the friends’ friends, the families’ families. The single act, the simple transfer of a heart, sends out waves that will never stop moving—it has already touched me, a tidal wave crashing onto a young beach, and I don’t intend to stop the perpetual motion. I intend to pus h it forward, to refuse to let it stop; the impossible has come, and far be it from me to stop it. I will carry hearts to new bodies (Click) I will watch them begin to beat anew (Bang) I will watch patients fight for life and win (Whoosh) †¦.